Both. I believe people are born with certain traits, but with proper exposure to different situations ( exposure to loud noises, exposure to pets, exposure to multiple children, etc.), children can learn to adapt to what is considered normal activities and sounds.
For example, I have a new daycare child who is absolutely driving me insane because every time my dog barks, she screams holy hell! She is 2 1/2 years old, and when my dog barks, she screams, cries, throws her arms out as if she's an infant and expects you to pick her up, coddle her, and make her feel safe. IT'S A DOG THAT SIMPLY BARKED!!! But she acts like there's a roaring lion in my house! So, she might have been born sensitive to loud noises or loud noises that happen unexpectedly, but if she had a dog in her household, or frequently visited friends who have dogs, she wouldn't overreact when my dog barks, she would have gotten used to hearing a dog bark and would not be upset by it.
Also, by her throwing her arms out like an infant every time she cries, it's obvious to me that she's used to being immediately coddled as soon as she gets upset. So if she had not been grabbed up and comforted for every little thing that upsets her, she would have learned how to calm herself down when she's startled, upset, scared, etc. But she hasn't learned that. She's learned that someone else is supposed to hold her and make her feel safe.
For example, I have a new daycare child who is absolutely driving me insane because every time my dog barks, she screams holy hell! She is 2 1/2 years old, and when my dog barks, she screams, cries, throws her arms out as if she's an infant and expects you to pick her up, coddle her, and make her feel safe. IT'S A DOG THAT SIMPLY BARKED!!! But she acts like there's a roaring lion in my house! So, she might have been born sensitive to loud noises or loud noises that happen unexpectedly, but if she had a dog in her household, or frequently visited friends who have dogs, she wouldn't overreact when my dog barks, she would have gotten used to hearing a dog bark and would not be upset by it.
Also, by her throwing her arms out like an infant every time she cries, it's obvious to me that she's used to being immediately coddled as soon as she gets upset. So if she had not been grabbed up and comforted for every little thing that upsets her, she would have learned how to calm herself down when she's startled, upset, scared, etc. But she hasn't learned that. She's learned that someone else is supposed to hold her and make her feel safe.
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